Alien Engineered Chromosome-2 Fusion and Scientific Delusion
[7] - 788,000BP: A Space Odyssey
A small band of prehistoric hominins entered the rocky clearing. There in front of them was something striking. An anomalous artefact, alien to their world, composed of smooth black glass.
As the group’s leader reached out and touched the mysterious object, he had no idea what its sudden appearance heralded for his species. This obsidian-like artefact glinting in the sunlight represented the coming dawn of the Homo sapiens.
In 1996, a Smithsonian archaeological team headed by Hou Yamei and Rick Potts uncovered several dozen expertly crafted stone axes at a site in Bose, China. In the same layer as the stone axes was a wealth of splash form tektites associated with the Australasian strewnfield.
The manufacturing of the axes, equal in quality to any known from the same period in Africa, must have occurred soon after the arrival of the tektites. Some of the researchers involved in investigating the site suspected that rock suitable for tool-making had been exposed by fires caused by the high energy events behind the tektite.
Alien Agenda
According to our sources, more than artefacts of strange black glass had arrived from the sky. Much further to the south, in Australasia, the survivors of the destroyed mothership had purportedly set up a makeshift base of operations. Poorly suited for the terrestrial environment their outcome looked grim.
Soon their discussions about the futility of their position would turn into radical plans. A novel project crystallised. The beings decided that they would round up members of the terrestrial hominin population and genetically modify their progeny. Creating something akin to an in-between species.
These terrestrial hominins were allegedly the creations of a rival alien intelligence that also had advanced knowledge of genetic engineering. This meant that it had already been reshaped more than once, an angle to this story that we will explore in a later analysis.
Alien Abductions
Using the remaining scout craft for transportation purposes a few hominin subjects were brought back to the base. Eggs and sperm were extracted for the creation of embryos. Once the genetic engineering and genomic editing had been carried out the embryos could be reinserted into mothers for gestation and birth.
The first thing to ask is whether there is anything that makes the modern human lineage markedly different from the archaic hominins that lived before 788,000 years ago.
As it transpires the fossil record reveals that around 800,000 years ago our ancestors underwent the most rapid increase in human brain size relative to body size. The fastest pace of brain enlargement in humans continued from just after 800,000 up until around 200,000 years ago. Very clearly something novel had occurred to derail the pre-existing path of evolutionary changes.
Chromosomal Confusion
Fossils can only tell us so much, it wasn’t until the development of molecular biology and genomic sciences that we were able to look more closely at the underlying changes responsible for restructuring and expanding the human brain. It turns out there is a long list of surprising genomic anomalies.
Perhaps the most glaring anomaly that marks Homo sapiens unique among the primate order is seen in their chromosomes. Unlike all other known primates, humans today have 23 chromosomal pairs, giving them 46 in total. Super archaic hominins and apes have 48 chromosomes.
A closer look at this conundrum revealed that two chromosomal pairs appeared to have undergone an end-to-end fusion after hominins diverged from the last common ancestor shared with apes. It is no secret that chromosomal errors sometimes occur, but there are a lot of strange elements to the fusion of chromosome-2 that look potentially unnatural.
Additional strangeness is noted in the size of the fusion, including the peculiar size which according to one calculation is just 798 DNA letters long. The protective telomeres at the end of chromosomes typically include sequences of 5,000 to 15,000 bases (DNA letters). Simple maths tells us that fused chromosomes should include a telomere signature of between 10,000 to 30,000 bases.
Telomere Mismatch
Researchers consider the fusion site to be highly degenerate because when it is compared to a pristine fusion signature of the same size there’s only a 70% match. From an evolutionary perspective, this fusion occurred very recently, and the expectation was that it should be 98 to 99%, not 70%.
Researchers describing this anomaly commented that “Head-to-head arrays of repeats at the fusion site have degenerated significantly (14%) from the near-perfect arrays of (TTAGGG) found at telomeres” and further highlighted, “If the fusion occurred within the telomeric repeat arrays less than ~6 Mya, why are the arrays at the fusion site so degenerate?”
Inside of a Gene
Perhaps the most glaring problem is that the fusion site is located inside of an active gene, at the first intron of an RNA helicase gene now called DDX11L2. Introns often contain a variety of signals and switches that control gene function. The gene DDX11L2 is expressed in at least 255 different cell or tissue types.
Further, the fusion site, which includes approximately 150,000 base pairs of sequences not found in chimpanzee chromosomes 2A and 2B, is itself unexpectedly functional and serves an important purpose. The site acts as a switch for controlling gene activity. Indeed, the actual process of transcription initiates inside the region of the suspected fusion site and DDX11L2 expresses itself in cells performing tasks for the nervous, muscular, immune, and reproductive systems.
The location of the fusion site inside a functional gene associated with the genetics of a variety of cellular processes strongly refutes the idea that it’s the accidental by-product of a natural head-to-head telomeric fusion. Keep in mind that chromosomal fusions are errors and they typically generate severe problems.
“Genes are not formed by catastrophic chromosomal fusions!” - Jeffrey P Tomkins, PhD Geneticist
Fusions are Bad News
Robert W. Carter, a PhD biologist, points out that chromosomal fusions, fissions, duplications, and rearrangements are most often adverse events for an organism. Spontaneous chromosome fusions are rarely neutral. Much less often would they bring any beneficial changes.
Chromosomal fusion is one primary cause of infertility, and indeed, most embryos with such a drastic gestational error would be spontaneously aborted by the mother’s body.
The alleged remnant centromere is exceptionally tiny compared to any other known, only 41,608 bases long. The size of a normal human centromere ranges in length between 250,000 and 5,000,000 bases. Three different regions don’t include the expected alphoid. When we subtract the insertions of these non-alphoid sequences, it gives a length of only 33,080 bases, a tiny fraction of the expected centromere length.
Functional Fossil
There is another extremely problematic aspect to the remnant centromere, just as with the fusion site, it’s positioned inside an active gene, spanning both intron and exon regions. The gene in question is ANKRD30BL and it produces a protein that’s believed to be involved in the interaction of the structural network of proteins inside the cell.
The fact that the remnant centromere forms a functional region inside of an important protein-coding gene runs entirely counter to the expectations of defunct and disabled post-fusion centromere.
Much of the source material for the above arguments can be found in the paper Debunking the Debunkers: A Response to Criticism and Obfuscation Regarding Refutation of the Human Chromosome 2 Fusion by Dr Jeffrey Tompkins. I disagree with Tomkins in part, however, as he rejects that the fusion occurred.
Dating the Fusion
There is a lot of evidence suggesting the chromosome-2 fusion event wasn’t entirely natural. However, we recall that genetic engineering could have been involved with the divergence of hominins from primate relatives. We need to establish whether this fusion occurred ~788,000 years ago, or closer to the divergence from apes around 6,000,000 years ago.
Investigation of this issue confirms that Denisovans and Neanderthals share this chromosome fusion with us meaning it occurred in a common ancestor before the divergence of these lineages. That the fusion event is shared with our human cousins sets the minimum date at around 750,000 to 800,000 years ago, but we also want information on the maximum age.
Adam Benton, a PhD student at the University of Liverpool has taken a good look at the fusion of these chromosomes. As an evolutionary scientist, Benton pinpointed what to look for that could narrow down the timing of the fusion event.
Lacking ancient reference material, as the oldest human DNA samples are only 430,000 years old, Benton looked at the DNA structure itself. DNA code consists of four nucleotides, which are linked letters A, C, G, and T that code in pairs. C and G form natural pairs and A and T will pair. However, these are not equal pairings: A and T are linked by two hydrogen bonds, whereas C and G have three.
The above means that C and G have a stronger relationship and, all else being equal, C and G are more likely to replace A and T rather than the reverse. If a change to C and G breaks a gene, this invalidates the additional strength of the bonding; the related mutation is then discarded. In isolated cases, about 3 per cent of these substitutions involve swapping A and T for C and G.
When we look at the entire human genome, substitution rates tend to approximately equalize. Benton highlights the fact that this bias occurs most actively when chromosomes exchange material through recombination, such as at the ends of chromosomes.
The fusion site on chromosome-2 displays the bias toward C and G even though it’s no longer at the end of a chromosome so is not being excessively recombined. Now exempted from this bias for a considerable period, it has slightly less C and G than the tips of the chromosome.
Denisovans & Neanderthals
In Benton’s calculations, this fused region has been exempted from excessive recombination for around 750,000 years. We already know the fusion is represented in Neanderthals and Denisovans, which means it occurred before the split.
In simple terms, the fusion of chromosome-2 happened at the time of the Homo sapiens lineage splitting away from their more archaic hominin ancestor, not millions of years ago when hominins diverged from apes.
Fused chromosomes are normally mutations stemming from random copy errors. This infers that the fusion of chromosome-2 should have occurred in just one individual born to a single generation. Even with the aberrant foetus beating the odds and maturing to a live birth, this mutation should have been recessive.
In one science article I read, the author mentioned that there appeared to be somewhat-fortuitous concurrent genetic mutations that would have acted to prevent a spontaneous miscarriage of the mutated foetuses. How incredibly fortunate.
Assuming the individual with the copy error could reproduce, despite chromosomal errors often impacting this ability, the partner would have the correct number of chromosomes. Indeed, all the potential partners for any offspring would also carry the original chromosome count.
Any individuals carrying the incorrect number of chromosomes would soon be absorbed by the larger population of people with forty-eight chromosomes. It is statistically unlikely that two children with the same mutation would be produced even by the same parents, let alone that partners for these children would also carry the same mutation.
Even in the most wildly optimistic scenario, we would expect there to be at most a tiny subset of humans with 46 chromosomes, if this was really happening naturally due to random evolutionary processes. Instead, it appears that all of the distant ancestors of modern humans living between 800,000 to 750,000 years ago carried forty-six chromosomes.
A Lab Setting
Scientists can’t offer a definitive answer for why the mutation became dominant, but they have made some suggestions. For example, if this fusion event happened within a small, isolated ancestral population it might spread rapidly across the entire group. Also, if the fusion event brought with it some immense benefits, providing enormous evolutionary advantages, it could persist.
Many biologists feel that for humans with the fused chromosome to become dominant across the globe the initial event must have involved several individuals living concurrently, within a small and isolated population and additionally provided extraordinary benefits.
Dr Manuel Ruiz Rejón of Granada University explains that “there is a possibility that the chromosome fusion that originated our chromosome-2 may have been associated with the appearance of our distinctive characteristics.”
Dr Rejón highlights various genes in human chromosome-2 that are positioned close to the fusion site. These same genes are expressed more intensely in humans than in any large ape. The target genes are expressed in highly significant tissues and organs, including the brain and the gonads.
Dr Rejón also speculates that the loss of specific DNA sequences resulting from the fusion might also have had positive effects on human ancestors. It could be that problem-causing sequences were cleaned up; perhaps the earlier hominins were already on their way to extinction.
Conclusion
The chromosome-2 fusion event appears to represent a strong candidate for a fingerprint of alien genetic engineers. The available data fit with a scientific experiment carried out on a select captive group of purposefully isolated hominins involving the implantation of modified test-tube babies. This would explain how there could be an entire generation of breeding pairs carrying this unlikely fusion.
Australia would have been an ideal landmass for breeding a new population of modified humans, being ecologically separated from the rest of the world. Celebrity physicist Dr Michio Kaku, PhD, has spoken on the fact that any humans isolated in Australia’s unique ecosystem would have experienced accelerated evolutionary adaptations.
We know that this new human eventually managed to outcompete or absorb all the hominins on Earth. That is certainly an impressive feat and indicates the fantastic benefits that came from the modification process.
As we will soon discover, the apparent editing involved is just one of many indicators of alien intervention in the human evolutionary journey. Stick around, because things are set to get very interesting indeed.
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